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What is a foundational model?

Published on 03 Jun 2024. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Rory Graham, Associate

What is AI and why is it topical?

Published on 03 Jun 2024. By Paul Joukador, Partner and Helen Armstrong, Partner and Charles Buckworth, Partner and Caroline Tuck, Partner

Whilst there is no universal definition of what constitutes artificial intelligence, at its core, AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. This encompasses the ability to reason, learn from experience, understand complex concepts, interact with their environment and look to solve problems.

Regulation of AI - raising the trillion dollar bAIby - introduction

Published on 03 Jun 2024. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Joshy Thomas, Knowledge Lawyer and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate

As with any new technology, existing data protection and privacy, intellectual property, competition, product liability, data security and consumer laws apply to its application in each jurisdiction. This has thrown up a number of important and newsworthy issues and considerations for AI developers and providers, legislators, consumers and rights holders. There are also several sets of high profile legal proceedings both decided and ongoing in several jurisdictions. These issues and legal proceedings are discussed in other sections of this AI Guide.

ICO publishes updates to its guidance on Transfer Risk Assessments

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

How will recent updates to the Information Commissioner’s Office’s (ICO) guidance on Transfer Risk Assessments (TRAs) affect how UK organisations conduct their TRAs?

Department for Science, Innovation and Technology consults on proposed data infrastructure statutory framework

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

What statutory obligations could the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology’s (DSIT) proposed statutory framework impose on UK data centre providers?

ICO launches consultation series on generative AI and data protection

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

What is the Information Commissioner’s Office’s (ICO) intended approach to developing guidance on how data protection law should be applied to the development and use of generative AI?

CJEU rules on what constitutes “automated decision-making” under the GDPR

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

Does the production of a credit score constitute “automated decision-making” for the purposes of Article 22 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)? What wider impact will this have for AI technologies?

ICO warns UK’s most visited websites to improve cookie choices

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

What steps is the ICO taking to ensure that website cookie banners are compliant with law?

ICO fines HelloFresh £140,000 after 7-month spam marketing campaign

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

Where did HelloFresh go wrong with their email and text marketing campaign and what lessons can be learned from the ICO’s investigation and subsequent fine?

New ICO guidance on content moderation and data compliance

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

How can organisations using content moderation technologies and processes best comply with data protection laws?

EDPB adopts opinion on “main establishment” of a controller in the EU

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

What is meant by “main establishment” under article 4(16)(a) of the GDPR for the purposes of determining the application of the one-stop-shop mechanism?

New Development: EU Data Act published in Official Journal

Published on 17 Apr 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

The EU Data Act (the Act) came into force on 11 January 2024. The Act sets out rules regarding the fair access to and use of data, aiming to enhance the data economy for individuals and businesses by overcoming barriers to data sharing and establishing frameworks around data access and use.

Retail Compass Spring 2024

Published on 15 Apr 2024. By Jeremy Drew, Partner and Karen Hendy, Partner and Ciara Cullen, Partner

Welcome to the Spring edition of Retail Compass, where we guide you through key upcoming legal and policy changes affecting retailers and consumer brands and provide our thoughts on those crucial, need-to-know issues.

Navigating the impact of AI on work: challenges, opportunities, and the human touch

Published on 20 Mar 2024. By Patrick Brodie, Partner

The fear of job losses because of technology and automation, including artificial intelligence, has been with us since the 1960s. For some time, academics have predicted the decline of routine, rules-based and process-driven roles.

Thaler v Comptroller [2023] UKSC 49: the UKSC rules that AI cannot be an 'inventor'

Published on 10 Jan 2024. By Matthew Jones, Partner

To the surprise of no one, the UK Supreme Court (UKSC) has finally ruled that an artificial intelligence (AI) cannot be an inventor for the purposes of UK patent law. This judgment accords with the decisions of the lower courts in the UK and the initial ruling of the UKIPO. It also reflects similar findings from most of courts around the world where the claimant, Dr Thaler, brought similar actions.

12 top tips for using AI in retail and consumer businesses

Published on 18 Dec 2023. By Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer

Last year, we set out our top ten tips for retailers entering the metaverse. This year, AI is the hot topic in retail and pretty much everywhere else! AI is redefining the retail and consumer industry. It can improve consume engagement, aid decision-making, curate tailored promotions, improve efficiencies, and reduce costs. So what do retailers and consumer bran need to be mindful of when deploying AI?

ICO issues preliminary enforcement notice against Snap for its “My AI” Chatbot

Published on 11 Dec 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

How can organisations who wish to join to the world of generative AI ensure that they adequately assess the risks from the perspective of the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO)?

New Development: EDPB provides clarification on tracking techniques covered by the ePrivacy Directive

Published on 11 Dec 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

On 14 November 2023, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) adopted a set of new guidelines (the Guidelines) on the technical scope of Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive (the ePD).

ICO publishes guidance to ensure lawful monitoring in the workplace

Published on 11 Dec 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

How can employers monitor their workers whilst maintaining their trust and complying with data protection regulation?

Clearview AI cleared of £7.5m ICO fine for processing data outside the UK

Published on 11 Dec 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

Just how did the processing of personal data by Clearview AI (Clearview) fall outside the scope of UK GDPR?

ICO publishes its draft “Data Protection Fining Guidance” for public consultation

Published on 11 Dec 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

How will the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) calculate the amount of a fine under the UK GPDR and the Data Protection Act (DPA) 2018?

EU Advocate General’s opinion on data subjects’ rights to compensation for non-material damage under the GDPR

Published on 11 Dec 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

Does the theft of an individual’s sensitive personal data by a wrongdoer give rise to compensation for non-material damage under Article 82 EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), if the wrongdoer has not used, or taken steps to use, the sensitive personal data for any purpose?

Coming to a bank near you? How "investment AI" could transform financial mis-selling claims

Published on 09 Nov 2023. By Daniel Hemming, Partner and Olivia Dhein, Knowledge Lawyer

Living under a rock is probably the only way anyone might have escaped the media attention given to ChatGPT and generative AI in recent months. Beyond the (considerable) hype, this technology could have a profound impact on financial mis-selling claims where financial institutions and fund managers turn to the new technology to help them select investments and products.

Retail Compass Autumn 2023

Published on 17 Oct 2023. By Jeremy Drew, Partner and Karen Hendy, Partner and Ciara Cullen, Partner

Welcome to our Autumn edition of Retail Compass, where we guide you through the key legal and policy changes affecting retail and consumer brands and provide our thoughts on those crucial, need-to-know issues.

EU AI ACT-ion stations

Published on 29 Sep 2023. By Helen Armstrong, Partner and Charles Buckworth, Partner

The EU is forging ahead with its vision for AI. With wrapping up talks on the EU AI Act between the EU governments, the Commission and the parliamentary negotiators imminent, we bring you up to date on the EU's risk based approach, the scope of the Act, a timeline, key points that will form the basis of the discussions and next steps.

What To Know About AI Fraudsters Before Facing Disputes

Published on 29 Aug 2023. By Dan Wyatt, Partner and Christopher Whitehouse, Senior Associate

Fraudsters are quick to weaponise new technological developments and artificial intelligence is proving no exception, with AI-assisted scams increasingly being reported in the news, including most recently one using a likeness of a BBC broadcaster.

ICO updates its guidance on AI and data protection

Published on 07 Jul 2023. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

What are the key data protection principles which the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) expects organisations to follow when integrating AI into their product and service offerings?

Retail Compass Spring 2023

Published on 27 Apr 2023. By Jeremy Drew, Partner and Karen Hendy, Partner

Welcome to our Spring edition of Retail Compass, where we guide you through the key legal and policy changes affecting retail and consumer brands and provide our thoughts on those crucial, need-to-know issues.

RPC reacts to UK Government White Paper on AI

Published on 30 Mar 2023. By Jon Bartley, Partner and Ciara Cullen, Partner and Richard Breavington, Partner and Kelly Thomson, Partner, ESG strategy lead and Helen Armstrong, Partner and Patrick Brodie, Partner and Mamata Dutta, Partner

RPC reacts to UK Government White Paper on AI

What if the CEO asks me about... using Artificial Intelligence in our Retail stores?

Published on 28 Mar 2023. By Paul Joukador, Partner

The term "artificial intelligence" (AI) describes a range of technologies that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as the ability to comprehend, act and learn.

ICO publishes guidance on AI decision making

Published on 02 Nov 2020. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner

How can companies comply with data regulation when using AI to make decisions affecting individuals?

UK government updates NSIA market guidance and statement on call-in powers

Published on 10 Jul 2024. By Yexi Tran, Associate

Recent developments such as the removal of Huawei from the UK's 5G networks and President Biden's 2023 executive order on outbound investment in sensitive technologies have brought into focus potential national security risks arising from global trade and investment.

UK listing regime reforms: impact on standard listed issuers

Published on 08 May 2024. By Janice Chan, Senior Associate

Following the FCA's May 2023 consultation on major reforms to streamline and enhance the UK listing regime and its December 2023 publication of detailed proposals, the FCA has now published a consolidated draft UK Listing Rules instrument (UKLR) to replace the current Listing Rules, together with proposed changes to its guidance.

Reversal of recent changes to the Financial Promotions Order

Published on 27 Mar 2024. By Whitney Simpson, Of Counsel

A number of the provisions of the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 came into force on 4 March 2024. This Act is intended to give UK Companies House greater powers to prevent UK companies from being used for economic crimes.

Provisions of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 now in force

Published on 14 Mar 2024. By Rosamund Akayan, Knowledge Lawyer

A number of the provisions of the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 came into force on 4 March 2024. This Act is intended to give UK Companies House greater powers to prevent UK companies from being used for economic crimes.

Spring Budget 2024 – Main tax announcements

Published on 12 Mar 2024. By Ben Roberts, Partner

This blog discusses some of the key tax changes announced in last week's Spring Budget.

Thinking of marketing a sale of unlisted shares?… There have been some changes to the Financial Promotions Order you need to know about

Published on 27 Feb 2024. By Whitney Simpson, Of Counsel

On 31 January 2024, changes made to the high net worth individual and self-certified sophisticated investor exemptions contained in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotions) Order 2005 ("FPO") came into effect.

What do your corporate governance leads need to know about tackling greenwashing?

Published on 13 Nov 2023. By Phoebe Nowell-Usticke, Associate

The Chartered Governance Institute UK & Ireland (CGI) has published a helpful report, "Tackling greenwashing from a governance perspective", to assist corporate governance professionals in ensuring organisations are compliant with new expectations.

Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act – what you need to know about the corporate transparency reforms

Published on 06 Nov 2023. By Rosamund Akayan, Knowledge Lawyer

The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act, which received Royal Assent on 26 October 2023, overhauls the role of Companies House and the corporate transparency obligations of UK companies.

US to prohibit outbound investment in certain advanced technologies – a massive expansion of national security laws

Published on 22 Aug 2023. By Neil Brown, Partner

On 9 August 2023, President Biden declared a US national emergency in relation to the national security threat posed by certain advanced technologies and issued an Executive Order directing that investment by US persons in such technologies be subject to prior notification or outright prohibition.

Finsbury Food v AXIS: what are the key takeaways for warranty and indemnity insurers and policyholders?

Published on 19 Jul 2023. By Charmaine Chew, Associate and Matt Ward, Trainee Solicitor

The Commercial Court recently handed down its judgment in the case of Finsbury Food Group Plc v AXIS Corporate Capital UK Ltd & Ors [2023] EWHC 1559 (Comm). This is the first time the court has considered a claim under a W&I insurance policy, and provides a helpful example of how key concepts, such as material adverse change and valuation, are considered by the court.

10 Practical Tips for Navigating the W&I Underwriting Process

Published on 12 Jun 2023. By Charmaine Chew, Associate

Warranty and indemnity (W&I) insurance provides cover for losses arising from a breach of warranty, or a tax deed claim, in connection with a merger or acquisition (M&A) transaction. The use of W&I insurance offers significant advantages (such as allowing the seller to make a clean exit, and helping to maintain the relationship between the parties), and as such, is becoming an increasingly common feature of M&A transactions.

Automatic conversion of shares held invalid

Published on 30 May 2023. By Arjun Patel, Associate

The High Court has interpreted that a right for preferred shares to be converted to ordinary shares is subject to class right approval by the preferred shareholders.

Take notice: the importance of complying with formal notification requirements

Published on 23 May 2023. By Ben Magahy, Senior Associate

A recent judgment of the High Court has highlighted the potential hurdles thrown up by notification clauses in share purchase agreements.

Sustainability-Linked Bonds

Published on 24 Apr 2023.

The ESG finance market continues to develop and grow as interest and demand for environmentally and socially conscious investments becomes more and more important to investors around the world.

Proposed removal of requirement for shareholder vote on significant transactions and related party transactions: FCA provides update on Listing Rule reforms

Published on 03 Apr 2023. By Karen Hendy, Partner, Head of Corporate and Connor Cahalane, Partner, Head of Public Companies

The FCA has provided an update on reforms to the Listing Rules proposed last year in its discussion paper DP22/2.

Key takeaways from the first year of the national security regime

Published on 22 Mar 2023. By Bridget Lockhart, Associate

The UK's new national security screening regime has now been in operation for over a year. This blog discusses the key takeaways from the first decisions to be made under the UK's new national security screening regime.

Spring Budget 2023 - Main Tax Announcements

Published on 16 Mar 2023. By Ben Roberts, Partner

This blog discusses some of the key tax changes announced in this week's Spring Budget.

Say on Climate resolutions

Published on 08 Feb 2023. By Connor Cahalane, Partner, Head of Public Companies

Institutional investors are increasingly calling on listed companies to put their climate transition plans to a shareholder vote in the form of Say on Climate resolutions at their Annual General Meetings.

Change in Control

Published on 16 Jan 2023. By Whitney Simpson, Of Counsel

As early as possible in a corporate transaction, you or one of your team should check the Financial Services Register (the "FCA Register"). The FCA Register will reveal whether or not the entity or one of the entities in the group you are purchasing is an Prudential Regulatory Authority ("PRA") and/or Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA") authorised firm, the Buyer (and to a certain extent the Seller) will need to consider the Change in Control Regime under Part 12 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 ("FSMA").